Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition in which the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, becomes thin and begins to bulge outward into a cone-like shape. This distorted shape causes light to be refracted incorrectly as it enters the eye, leading to distorted vision. The condition typically affects both eyes, but one eye may be more affected than the other.

The exact cause of keratoconus is not well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is a higher incidence of the condition in certain populations such as individuals with certain genetic disorders, and in people with certain allergies or who have been exposed to certain toxins.

Symptoms of keratoconus can include distorted vision, increased sensitivity to light, glare and halos around lights, and double vision. As the condition progresses, the cornea may become increasingly irregular in shape, leading to increased distortion and reduced vision. In advanced cases, scarring of the cornea can occur and can cause the cornea to become opaque, resulting in blindness.

The diagnosis of keratoconus is usually made by an eye doctor during a comprehensive eye exam. The doctor will use several diagnostic tools, such as a slit-lamp examination, which allows the doctor to examine the cornea in detail, and corneal topography, which maps the shape of the cornea.

In the early stages of keratoconus, eyeglasses or soft contact lenses may be used to correct the distorted vision. However, as the condition progresses, rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses or intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) may be needed to correct the distorted vision. In more advanced cases, a corneal transplant may be required to restore vision.

Keratoconus can be a serious and progressive condition, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential in order to prevent significant vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for individuals who are at risk of developing the condition, such as those with a family history of the condition or who have certain other risk factors.

In addition, there are few non-invasive treatments like cross-linking, which strengthen the cornea by creating new bonds between collagen fibers, which can slow the progression of the condition and reduce the need for a corneal transplant in some cases.

It’s important to work closely with an eye care professional, who can provide guidance and advice on the best course of treatment, and regular monitoring to ensure that the condition does not progress. With appropriate management and treatment, the majority of individuals with keratoconus are able to maintain good vision and quality of life.